Birth is the perhaps the most natural of all human processes; however, the neonatal mortality rate remains high. Morever, neonates are the healthiest and most vulnerable patients in medicine. Therefore, providing the best care for normal or critically ill neonates is a challenge for healthcare systems. Canada is an example of a developed country which provides continuous comprehensive care for these neonates. Best practice of these neonates requires the applications of both basic and clinical research to support the growing clinical experience.